Rubber compositions with disaggregated carbon nanotubes

ABSTRACT

Rubber compositions having a base masterbatch, the base masterbatch comprising a diene rubber and a solid agglomerated material comprising disaggregated carbon nanotubes consisting of a continuous network of carbon nanotubes, the continuous network comprising 1) voids and 2) aggregates of carbon nanotubes having a d50 mean size of less than 5 μm, the voids and the aggregates together being in an amount that is less than 60% of a predetermined surface area, such percentage as determined by electron microscopy image analysis, the remainder being the disaggregated carbon nanotubes in the continuous network that do not comprise a clearly defined shape and being in an amount that is at least 40% of the predetermined surface area, wherein the base masterbatch has a minimum Mooney viscosity ML(1+4)100 of at least 85 MU; and a cure system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to rubber compositions withnanoparticles and methods for their production and more particularly, torubber compositions that were produced with disaggregated carbonnanotubes.

Description of the Related Art

It is desirable to provide rubber articles that have improved propertiesand especially for tires it is desirable to provide tires, for example,that have improved wear properties. Consumers and fleet operatorsappreciate tires having improved wear since they are required to replaceworn tires less often and the expense is reduced, both in the initialpurchase of the tires and there disposal after they are worn beyondtheir useful life.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Particular embodiments of the present invention include rubbercompositions, methods for making such rubber compositions and articlesmade therefrom. For methods of making, such methods may include thosefor producing a cross-linkable rubber composition that comprises amasterbatch, the masterbatch comprising a base masterbatch, the methodcomprising forming the base masterbatch by adding a diene rubber withina mixing chamber of an internal mixer; adding a total quantity of asolid agglomerated material into the mixing chamber; and mixing thediene elastomer and the solid agglomerated material in the mixingchamber.

The solid agglomerated material comprises disaggregated carbon nanotubesconsisting of a continuous network of carbon nanotubes, the continuousnetwork comprising 1) voids and 2) aggregates of carbon nanotubes havinga d₅₀ mean size of less than 5 μm, the voids and the aggregates togetherbeing in an amount that is less than 60% of a predetermined surfacearea, such percentage as determined by electron microscopy imageanalysis, the remainder being the disaggregated carbon nanotubes in thecontinuous network that do not comprise a clearly defined shape andbeing in an amount that is at least 40% of the predetermined surfacearea.

To ensure adequate distribution and dispersion of the material, the basemasterbatch has a minimum Mooney viscosity ML(1+4)100 of at least 85 MUand the base masterbatch is continued to be mixed until it has reached afirst predetermined temperature.

For rubber compositions, particular embodiments of such rubbercompositions may include a masterbatch comprising a base masterbatch,the base masterbatch comprising a diene rubber and a solid agglomeratedmaterial comprising disaggregated carbon nanotubes consisting of acontinuous network of carbon nanotubes, the continuous networkcomprising 1) voids and 2) aggregates of carbon nanotubes having a d₅₀mean size of less than 5 μm, the voids and the aggregates together beingin an amount that is less than 60% of a predetermined surface area, suchpercentage as determined by electron microscopy image analysis, theremainder being the disaggregated carbon nanotubes in the continuousnetwork that do not comprise a clearly defined shape and being in anamount that is at least 40% of the predetermined surface area, whereinthe base masterbatch has a minimum Mooney viscosity ML(1+4)100 of atleast 85 MU; and a cure system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a photomicrograph showing the raw carbon nanotubes comprisingprimary aggregates obtained during their synthesis. (Comparison)

FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph showing an example of a solid agglomeratedmaterial useful in the rubber compositions disclosed herein.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a particular embodiment of a method forproducing a cross-linkable rubber composition that is useful forproducing embodiments of the rubber compositions disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the present invention include rubber compositions thatinclude carbon nanotubes as reinforcement filler, methods for makingsuch rubber compositions and articles made therefrom. These rubbercompositions are useful for a variety of articles such as, for example,tire components for pneumatic and non-pneumatic tires including tiretreads. While it is well known to use carbon black and silica asreinforcement fillers in rubber compositions, the particular embodimentsof the rubber compositions disclosed herein utilize carbon nanotubes asa reinforcement filler that are added to the rubber composition as asolid agglomerated material comprising disaggregated carbon nanotubes.The makeup and physical characteristics of such materials and theirmethods of making are fully described in the patent application ofArkema filed in the French INPI as patent application number FR 1850241,filed Jan. 12, 2018, which application is fully incorporated herein byreference. Arkema is a global manufacturer in specialty chemicals andadvanced materials and is headquartered in France.

Surprisingly it has been discovered that significant improvements to thephysical characteristics of the cured rubber compositions may beachieved when the solid agglomerated material is first incorporated intoa masterbatch. For example, it has been found that the wear propertiesof a tire tread are significantly increased by use of the rubbercompositions disclosed herein.

As used herein, a masterbatch is a mixture of materials that includes amatrix throughout which one or more other components are distributed.Then, when a rubber composition having many different components is tobe prepared, the masterbatch is added to the mixer as one componentalong with all the other components so that all are mixed andincorporated throughout to produce the rubber composition.

As used herein, “phr” is “parts per hundred parts of rubber by weight”and is a common measurement in the art wherein components of a rubbercomposition are measured relative to the total weight of rubber in thecomposition, i.e., parts by weight of the component per 100 parts byweight of the total rubber(s) in the composition.

As used herein, “based upon” is a term recognizing that embodiments ofthe present invention are made of vulcanized or cured rubbercompositions that were, at the time of their assembly, uncured. Thecured rubber composition is therefore “based upon” the uncured rubbercomposition. In other words, the cross-linked rubber composition isbased upon or comprises the constituents of the cross-linkable rubbercomposition.

As used herein, rubber and elastomer are synonymous terms.

As is generally known, tires are made of many different components, themost commonly known components being the treads and the sidewall of thetire since these are easily seen and can be inspected for damage andwear most easily by consumers. Other components of the tire may include,for example, those that are in the crown portion of the tire under thetread such as the belts and plies that are layers of steel wires ortextile covered or coated in a rubber composition. The belts providestiffness to the casing for better wear performance and handling whilethe plies typically extend from bead to bead and are the primaryreinforcing material in the tire casing. Particular embodiments of theinvention disclosed herein include tire components that are formed atleast in part with the rubber compositions having the disaggregatedcarbon nanotubes.

As is generally known, a tire tread includes the road-contacting portionof a vehicle tire that extends circumferentially about the tire. It isdesigned to provide the handling characteristics required by thevehicle; e.g., traction, dry braking, wet braking, cornering and soforth—all preferably being provided with a minimum amount of generatednoise and at low rolling resistance.

Treads of the type disclosed herein include tread elements, thestructural features of the tread that contact the ground. Suchstructural features may be of any type or shape, examples of whichinclude tread blocks and tread ribs. Tread blocks have a perimeterdefined by one or more grooves that create an isolated structure in thetread while a rib runs substantially in the longitudinal(circumferential) direction and is not interrupted by grooves that runin the substantially lateral (axial) direction or any other grooves thatare oblique thereto. The radial (depth) direction is perpendicular tothe lateral direction.

It is recognized that treads may be formed from only one rubbercomposition or in two or more layers of differing rubber compositions,e.g., a cap and base construction. In a cap and base construction, thecap portion of the tread is made of one rubber composition that isdesigned for contract with the road. The cap is supported on the baseportion of the tread, the base portion made of different rubbercomposition. In particular embodiments of the present invention theentire tread may be made from the rubber compositions disclosed hereinwhile in other embodiments only the cap portions of the tread may bemade from such rubber compositions.

In other embodiments it is recognized that the contact surface of thetread elements, i.e., that portion of the tread element that contactsthe road, may be formed totally and/or only partially from the rubbercompositions disclosed herein. In particular embodiments the treadblock, for example, may be formed as a composite of laterally layeredrubber compositions such that at least one lateral layer of a treadblock is of the rubber compositions disclosed herein and another laterallayer of a tread block is of an alternative rubber composition. Forexample, at least 80% of the total contact surface area of the tread maybe formed solely from the rubber compositions disclosed herein. Thetotal contact surface area of the tread is the total surface area of allthe radially outermost faces of the tread elements that are adapted formaking contact with the road.

The rubber compositions that are disclosed herein and are useful, e.g.,for tire components, include the disaggregated carbon nanotubes as areinforcement filler that are added to the rubber composition as a solidagglomerated material after having first been incorporated into amasterbatch.

The solid agglomerated material comprises the disaggregated carbonnanotubes consisting of a continuous network of carbon nanotubes. Thiscontinuous network comprises aggregates of carbon nanotubes having a d₅₀mean size of less than 5 μm being in an amount that is less than 60% ofa predetermined surface area, such percentage determined by electronmicroscopy image analysis. The remainder, being in an amount of at least40% of the predetermined surface area, is the disaggregated carbonnanotubes in the continuous network that do not comprise a clearlydefined shape.

This remainder of the continuous network of carbon nanotubes having thedisaggregated carbon nanotubes is amorphous in that it does not have aclearly defined shape or form and is unclassifiable in the 0.5-5 micronscale. As previously noted, the makeup and physical characteristics ofsuch materials and their methods of making are fully described in thepatent application of Arkema, a French company, filed in the French INPIas patent application number FR 1850241, filed Jan. 12, 2018, whichapplication is fully incorporated herein by reference for all of itsteachings, including a full description of the material and its methodsof making.

The disaggregated carbon nanotubes making up the solid agglomeratedmaterial in particular embodiments disclosed herein may be of thesingle-walled (SWNT), double-walled (DWNT) or multiwalled (MWNT) type.

Carbon nanotubes typically have an average diameter of between 0.1 nmand 200 nm, or alternatively between 0.1 nm and 100 nm, between 0.4 nmand 50 nm, between 1 nm to 30 nm, or between 10 and 15 nm, andadvantageously a length of more than 0.1 μm and advantageously between0.1 μm and 20 μm, between 0.1 μm and 10 μm, for example of about 6 μm.Their length/diameter ratio is advantageously greater than 10 and mostoften greater than 100.

They may have closed and/or open ends. These nanotubes are generallyobtained by chemical vapour deposition. Their specific surface area isfor example between 100 m²/g and 300 m²/g, or alternatively between 200m²/g and 300 m²/g, and their apparent density may notably be between0.01 g/cm³ and 0.5 g/cm³ or alternatively between 0.07 g/cm³ and 0.2g/cm³. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes may for example comprise from 5 to15 sheets and more preferably from 7 to 10 sheets.

An example of crude carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the powdered state usablefor preparing the disaggregated CNTs that are useful for the rubbercompositions disclosed herein is notably the trade name Graphistrength®C100 from Arkema.

According to particular embodiments disclosed herein, the disaggregatedCNTs comprise metallic or mineral impurities, in particular the metallicand mineral impurities derived from the synthesis of crude CNTs in thepowdered state. The amount of non-carbon impurities may be between 2 and20 wt %.

According to particular embodiments disclosed herein, the disaggregatedCNTs are free from metallic impurities, and result from crude CNTs inthe powdered state that have been purified in order to remove theimpurities inherent in their synthesis.

The crude or ground nanotubes may be purified by washing with a solutionof sulphuric acid, so as to remove any residual mineral and metallicimpurities from them, for example such as iron derived from the methodof preparation. The weight ratio of nanotubes to sulphuric acid maynotably be between 1:2 and 1:3. The purification operation may,moreover, be carried out at a temperature from 90 to 120° C., forexample for a time from 5 to 10 hours. This operation may advantageouslybe followed by steps of rinsing with water and drying the purifiednanotubes. The nanotubes may as a variant be purified by thermaltreatment at high temperature, typically above 1000° C.

According to particular embodiments, the disaggregated CNTs may beoxidized CNTs.

Oxidation of the nanotubes is advantageously carried out by bringingthem into contact with a solution of sodium hypochlorite containing from0.5 to 15 wt % of NaOCl and preferably from 1 to 10 wt % of NaOCl, forexample in a weight ratio of nanotubes to sodium hypochlorite from 1:0.1to 1:1. Oxidation is advantageously carried out at a temperature below60° C. and preferably at room temperature, for a time from a few minutesto 24 hours. This operation of oxidation may advantageously be followedby steps of filtration and/or centrifugation, washing and drying of theoxidized nanotubes.

As mentioned above, particular embodiments of the rubber compositionsdisclosed herein may include disaggregated CNTs that form a continuousnetwork comprising CNT aggregates with an average size d₅₀ under 5 μm,in a proportion below 60% by area determined by image analysis byelectron microscopy or alternatively less than 40%, less than 20%, orless than 10%.

Additionally, such continuous networks of CNTs include the disaggregatednanotubes in a proportion of at least 40% by area, or alternatively atleast 60%, at least 80%, or at least 90% by area, according to imageanalysis by electron microscopy. In other words, the continuous networkof disaggregated carbon nanotubes includes areas of identifiableimperfections that are 1) voids and 2) aggregates having an average d₅₀size of less than 5 μm that are not as desirable as the disaggregatedcarbon nanotubes in the continuous network.

In particular embodiments, the disaggregated CNTs are free from organiccompounds on their surface.

A method for preparing the disaggregated CNTs making up the solidagglomerated material in particular embodiments disclosed herein uses acompounding device to compress a CNT powder and shear the CNT aggregatesso as to reduce their size and the entanglement of the CNTs.

Examples of co-kneaders usable according to the invention are the BUSS®MDK 46 co-kneaders and those of the series BUSS® MKS or MX, marketed bythe company BUSS AG, which all consist of a screw shaft provided withflights, arranged in a heating barrel optionally consisting of severalparts and whose inside wall is provided with kneading teeth suitable forinteracting with the flights to produce shearing of the material beingkneaded. The shaft is rotated, and is provided with oscillating motionin the axial direction, by a motor. These co-kneaders may be equippedwith a granule-producing system, fitted for example at their dischargeorifice, and which may consist of an extrusion screw or a pump.

The co-kneaders usable according to the invention preferably have ascrew ratio L/D in the range from 7 to 22, for example from 10 to 20,whereas the co-rotating extruders advantageously have a ratio L/D from15 to 56, for example from 20 to 50.

To achieve optimum shearing of the CNT aggregates as well as minimumentanglement of the CNTs in the aggregates, it is generally necessary toapply considerable mechanical energy, which is preferably above 0.05kWh/kg of material, in the compounding device.

According to the method of the invention, compounding of the powder iscarried out in the presence of a sacrificial substance in a weight ratiofrom 10:90 to 40:60, preferably from 10:90 to 32:68, or even from 20:80to 30:70, so as to obtain agglomerated particles comprisingdisaggregated CNTs and the sacrificial substance, the sacrificialsubstance then being removed to form the disaggregated CNTs free fromorganic compounds. It has in fact been shown that in this ratio, optimumcompounding is possible for a wide range of sacrificial substances.

The following may be used as sacrificial substances, although this isnot an exhaustive list: a solvent that does not leave any residue afterit is removed by drying the agglomerated solid material, or an organicsubstance that does not leave any residues after pyrolysis of theagglomerated solid material, or a substance in the supercritical statethat does not leave any residue after degassing, for examplesupercritical CO₂.

Preferably water, an alcohol, or other hydrophilic solvents, as well asmixtures thereof, preferably water, are used as the solvent.

Preferably, a polymer such as a polypropylene PP, a polyethyleneterephthalate PET, a polycarbonate PC, a polyamide PA, preferably apolypropylene PP, is used as the organic substance.

According to particular embodiments, it is possible to add inorganiccompounds such as metal oxides or salts in the compounding device, inorder to obtain an agglomerated solid material of disaggregated CNTscomprising mineral compounds that are beneficial for the intendedapplication. We may mention for example soda, zinc oxide or titaniumoxide, a carbonate, a hydroxide, a metal oxide or sulphide for exampleof lithium, manganese, nickel, or cobalt.

It is also possible to add other carbon-containing nanofillers such asgraphene, graphite, or carbon black in an amount suitable for theintended application.

Typically the manufacture of carbon nanotubes results in primaryaggregates of materials—that is, of clumps of carbon nanotubes. Theseprimary aggregates are difficult to mix into rubber compositions so thata uniform distribution of the carbon nanotubes is achieved. As is knownin the art, reinforcement fillers must be well distributed throughoutthe matrix of the rubber composition to achieve the optimal effect ofthe filler.

The disaggregated carbon nanotubes used in particular embodiments of therubber compositions disclosed herein should be understood to mean thatin bulk, the carbon nanotubes are no longer in the form of the primaryaggregates that resulted from their synthesis but are instead exfoliatedinto a continuous network of carbon nanotubes that, in the form of thesolid agglomerated material does not correspond to a material thatretains the shape memory of the primary aggregates. As noted above, thecontinuous network of the disaggregated carbon nanotubes is amorphous.Importantly, however, the carbon nanotubes themselves retain thediameter and the number of walls that they had in their primaryaggregate form; i.e., the size of the carbon nanotubes are not modifiedfrom the form they had when first manufactured. It is noted, therefore,that the solid agglomerated material useful in particular embodimentsdisclosed herein does not include solid agglomerated material consistingof carbon nanotubes in the form of compressed primary aggregates.

As noted above, the continuous network of carbon nanotubes that isincluded with the disaggregated carbon nanotubes comprises 1) voids and2) aggregates of carbon nanotubes having a d₅₀ mean size of less than 5μm, the voids and aggregates together in a proportion that is less than60% of a predetermined surface area or alternatively less than 40%, lessthan 30%, less than 20% or less than 10% of the predetermined surfacearea. This morphology can be determined by electron microscopy imageanalysis.

In such analysis, the determination of the mean proportion of aggregateshaving a d₅₀ mean size of less than 5 μm is determined from a samplesurface area of 400 μm². Ten electron micrographs are taken over asurface area of 20 μm×20 μm, five of the ten taken in aggregate-richregions and five taken in which the aggregates are less visible. All theimages are taken on a fresh break in the solid material usingTransmission Electronic Microscope (TEM) in known manner.

The images may be analyzed so as to select the identifiable formsbetween 0.5 μm and 5 μm in size and determine the surface area that theyoccupy. The identifiable forms are either aggregates (the light regions)or voids (the dark regions). The gray regions are attributed to thecontinuous network of carbon nanotubes and are considered to be thebackground surface of the image that is not covered by the identifiableforms. In other words, the gray regions are the disaggregated carbonnanotubes that do not comprise a clearly defined shape and being in anamount of at least 40% of the predetermined area or alternatively atleast 60%, at least 70%, at least 80% or at least 90% of the area.

The percentage of the surface area of the image with identifiable formsis calculated from the following equation:

A %=Sμm²*100/400 μm²

where A is the percentage of surface area of the image filled withidentifiable forms (aggregates and voids), S is the measured surfacearea of the image filled with identifiable forms and 400 is the surfacearea over which the sample was measured.

FIG. 1 is a photomicrograph showing the raw carbon nanotubes comprisingprimary aggregates obtained during their synthesis. It is noted that theaggregates of carbon nanotubes of a d₅₀ mean size of less than 5 micronsis in a proportion of greater than 90%.

FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph showing an example of a solid agglomeratedmaterial useful in the rubber compositions disclosed herein. Using theelectron microscopy image analysis described above, the aggregates ofcarbon nanotubes that have a mean size d₅₀ of less than 5 μm is in aproportion of about 6% of the predetermined surface area.

This photomicrograph further shows that the continuous network of thecarbon nanotubes is homogenous. The presence of inorganic metal oxidecan be identified by the little points.

In particular embodiments, the solid agglomerated material may includechemical compounds of an inorganic nature, intimately included withinthe entanglement of the carbon nanotubes. The inorganic materials mayconsist of metal species, carbon, silicon, sulfur, phosphorous, boronand other solid elements; oxides, sulfides, metal nitrides, hydroxidesand salts, ceramics of complex structure or mixtures of these inorganicmaterials.

The chemical compounds of inorganic nature may have different, isotropicor anisotropic form factor and have a maximum dimension of 1 mm.According to particular embodiments, the bulk density of the solidagglomerated material is between 0.01 g/cm³ and 2 g/cm³ or alternativelybetween 0.1 g/cm³ and 1.0 g/cm³.

In particular embodiments, the surface of the carbon nanotubes making upthe solid agglomerated material may have a certain degree of oxidation.

In particular embodiments, the solid agglomerated material is devoid oforganic compounds. Devoid of organic compounds means that the loss ofmass between 150° C. and 350° C. is less than 1% as determined bythermogravimetric analysis. To perform this TGA method, a sample of 10mg of the material is placed in a thermogravimetric analyzer while thetemperature is increased between 150° C. and 350° C. at 5° C. perminute. To be determined to be free from organic compounds, the loss ofmass is less than 1%.

The solid agglomerated material may be in any bulk form as spheres,cylinders, flakes, granules, bricks or combinations thereof, wherein asmallest diameter of the form is greater than 1 mm. In some embodiments,the material is in the form of granules.

Generally the process for making such solid agglomerated includescompressing the carbon nanotube powder in the presence of at least onesacrificial substance and then subjecting it to high-shear mixing in thecompressed state. The sacrificial substance is eliminated and theremainder is the solid agglomerated material of disaggregated carbonnanotubes that are devoid of organic compounds. The sacrificialsubstance may be, for example, water that can be evaporated or anorganic material that can be eliminated by pyrolysis, such as apolypropylene polymer.

As noted above, the disaggregated carbon nanotubes within the continuousnetwork retain their diameter and the number of walls that they had intheir primary aggregate form; i.e., the size of the carbon nanotubes arenot modified from the form they had when first manufactured but thecontinuous network is amorphous, without clearly defined shapes.

Nanotubes can generally be described as being rolled sheets of grapheneand can be classified being single-walled, double-walled ormulti-walled. Double and multi-walled nanotubes comprise tubes that areconcentrically nested to form the multi-walled nanotubes. Particularembodiments of the rubber compositions disclosed may includesingle-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes,multi-walled carbon nanotubes and combinations thereof in the continuousnetwork of carbon nanotubes. Other embodiments may be limited to carbonnanotubes having larger diameters that may be found in double-walled ormulti-walled nanotubes and thus may explicitly rule out single-wallednanotubes. Other embodiments are limited to just multi-walled nanotubes.

As noted above, nanotubes may generally be thought, for example, ofhaving a diameter or thickness of between about 1 nm to about 100 nm andan average L/D (length to diameter ratio) of between 10/1 and 10,000/1.

Determination of length and diameter of the nanotubes may be throughTransmission Electronic Microscope (TEM) in known manner. The TEM candistinguish the difference of 0.1 nm and a carbon nanotube sample groundinto a fine power and ultrasonically dispersed in a solvent (such asethanol) can be examined under the TEM and the length and diameters ofthe tubes measured. The average diameter is the mean value of all themeasured diameters using nm as unit. The average length is determined bythe mean value of all the measured lengths.

Particular embodiments of the rubber compositions disclosed herein mayinclude carbon nanotubes in the continuous network of carbon nanotubeshaving a diameter, for example, of between 1 nm and 100 nm oralternatively between 5 nm and 100 nm, between 5 nm and 50 nm, between 5nm and 25 nm, between 8 nm and 50 nm, between 8 nm and 25 nm or between8 nm and 20 nm. Particular embodiments may further include carbonnanotubes having an L/D ratio, for example, of between 10/1 and 10,000/1or alternatively between 50/1 and 1000/1, between 90/1 and 1000/1 orbetween 100/1 and 900/1.

The amount of the solid agglomerated material added to the rubbercompositions disclosed for particular embodiments herein may include,for example, between 1 phr and 75 phr of the solid aggregated materialor alternatively between 2 phr and 60 phr, between 5 phr and 50 phr, 1phr and 50 phr, between 10 phr and 50 phr or between 10 phr and 40 phrof the solid aggregated material.

As noted above, the rubber compositions disclosed herein include thesolid agglomerated material that was first incorporated into amasterbatch. The masterbatch includes the solid agglomerated materialand a rubber matrix throughout which the disaggregated carbon nanotubesfrom the agglomerated material are distributed. In particularembodiments of the rubber compositions disclosed herein, the rubbermatrix material is a diene rubber.

Particular embodiments of the rubber compositions disclosed hereininclude the one or more diene elastomers that were added as the matrixof the masterbatch and may also include, optionally, one or more dieneelastomers that may be incorporated separately into such rubbercompositions as an additional component.

These diene elastomers or rubbers are understood to be those elastomersresulting at least in part, i.e., a homopolymer or a copolymer, fromdiene monomers, i.e., monomers having two double carbon-carbon bonds,whether conjugated or not.

These diene elastomers may be classified as either “essentiallyunsaturated” diene elastomers or “essentially saturated” dieneelastomers. As used herein, essentially unsaturated diene elastomers arediene elastomers resulting at least in part from conjugated dienemonomers, the essentially unsaturated diene elastomers having a contentof such members or units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) that is atleast 15 mol. %. Within the category of essentially unsaturated dieneelastomers are highly unsaturated diene elastomers, which are dieneelastomers having a content of units of diene origin (conjugated diene)that is greater than 50 mol. %.

Those diene elastomers that do not fall into the definition of beingessentially unsaturated are, therefore, the essentially saturated dieneelastomers. Such elastomers include, for example, butyl rubbers andcopolymers of dienes and of alpha-olefins of the EPDM type. These dieneelastomers have low or very low content of units of diene origin(conjugated dienes), such content being less than 15 mol. %.

Examples of suitable conjugated dienes include, in particular,1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-di(C₁-C₅alkyl)-1,3-butadienes such as, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene,2,3-diethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1,3-butadiene,2-methyl-3-isopropyl-1,3-butadiene, an aryl-1,3-butadiene,1,3-pentadiene and 2,4-hexadiene. Examples of vinyl-aromatic compoundsinclude styrene, ortho-, meta- and para-methylstyrene, the commercialmixture “vinyltoluene”, para-tert-butylstyrene, methoxystyrenes,chloro-styrenes, vinylmesitylene, divinylbenzene and vinylnaphthalene.

The copolymers may contain between 99 wt. % and 20 wt. % of diene unitsand between 1 wt. % and 80 wt. % of vinyl-aromatic units. The elastomersmay have any microstructure, which is a function of the polymerizationconditions used, in particular of the presence or absence of a modifyingand/or randomizing agent and the quantities of modifying and/orrandomizing agent used. The elastomers may, for example, be block,random, sequential or micro-sequential elastomers, and may be preparedin dispersion or in solution; they may be coupled and/or starred oralternatively functionalized with a coupling and/or starring orfunctionalizing agent.

Examples of suitable diene elastomers include polybutadienes,particularly those having a content of 1,2-units of between 4 mol. % and80 mol. % or those having a cis-1,4 content of more than 80 mol. % ormore than 90 mol. %. Also included are polyisoprenes andbutadiene/styrene copolymers, particularly those having a styrenecontent of between 1 wt. % and 50 wt. % or of between 20 wt. % and 40wt. % and in the butadiene faction, a content of 1,2-bonds of between 4mol. % and 65 mol. %, a content of trans-1,4 bonds of between 20 mol. %and 80 mol. %. Also included are butadiene/isoprene copolymers,particularly those having an isoprene content of between 5 wt. % and 90wt. % and a glass transition temperature (Tg, for elastomers is measuredby DSC in accordance with ASTM D3418) of −40° C. to −80° C.

Further included are isoprene/styrene copolymers, particularly thosehaving a styrene content of between 5 wt. % and 50 wt. % and a Tg ofbetween −25° C. and −50° C. In the case of butadiene/styrene/isoprenecopolymers, examples of those which are suitable include those having astyrene content of between 5 wt. % and 50 wt. % and more particularlybetween 10 wt. % and 40 wt. %, an isoprene content of between 15 wt. %and 60 wt. %, and more particularly between 20 wt. % and 50 wt. %, abutadiene content of between 5 wt. % and 50 wt. % and more particularlybetween 20 wt. % and 40 wt. %, a content of 1,2-units of the butadienefraction of between 4 wt. % and 85 wt. %, a content of trans-1,4 unitsof the butadiene fraction of between 6 wt. % and 80 wt. %, a content of1,2-plus 3,4-units of the isoprene fraction of between 5 wt. % and 70wt. %, and a content of trans-1,4 units of the isoprene fraction ofbetween 10 wt. % and 50 wt. %, and more generally anybutadiene/styrene/isoprene copolymer having a Tg of between −20° C. and−70° C.

The diene elastomers used in particular embodiments of the presentinvention may further be functionalized, i.e., appended with activemoieties. As is well known in the art, elastomers can be functionalizedby reacting them with suitable functionalizing agents prior to or inlieu of terminating the elastomer. Exemplary functionalizing agentsinclude, but are not limited to, metal halides, metalloid halides,alkoxysilanes, imine-containing compounds, esters, ester-carboxylatemetal complexes, alkyl ester carboxylate metal complexes, aldehydes orketones, amides, isocyanates, isothiocyanates and imines. The functionalmoieties may be appended to the chain ends or within the backbone. Oneexample functionalized elastomers include silanol end-functionalizedelastomers that are well known in the industry. Examples of suchmaterials and their methods of making may be found in U.S. Pat. No.6,013,718, issued Jan. 11, 2000, which is hereby fully incorporated byreference.

The silanol end-functionalized SBR used in particular embodiments of therubber compositions disclosed herein may be characterized as having aglass transition temperature Tg, for example, of between −50° C. and−10° C. or alternatively between −40° C. and −15° C. or between −30° C.and −20° C. as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)according to ASTM E1356. The styrene content, for example, may bebetween 15% and 30% by weight or alternatively between 20% and 30% byweight with the vinyl content of the butadiene part, for example, beingbetween 25% and 70% or alternatively, between 40% and 65% or between 50%and 60%.

In summary, suitable diene elastomers for particular embodiments of therubber compositions disclosed herein may include highly unsaturateddiene elastomers such as polybutadienes (BR), polyisoprenes (IR),natural rubber (NR), butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers andmixtures of these elastomers. Such copolymers include butadiene/styrenecopolymers (SBR), isoprene/butadiene copolymers (BR), isoprene/styrenecopolymers (SIR) and isoprene/butadiene/styrene copolymers (SBIR). Inparticular embodiments, suitable elastomers may also include any ofthese elastomers being functionalized elastomers.

Particular embodiments of the rubber compositions disclosed herein maycontain only one diene elastomer and/or a mixture of two or more dieneelastomers. While some embodiments are limited only to the use of justone or one or more highly unsaturated diene elastomers, otherembodiments may include the use of such diene elastomer mixed with anytype of synthetic elastomer other than a diene elastomer or even withpolymers other than elastomers as, for example, thermoplastic polymers.

In addition to the rubber matrix and the solid agglomerated material,particular embodiments of the masterbatch may further compriseadditional components that may be useful in rubber compositions whenadded into a masterbatch as known to those skilled in the art. Suchadditional components may include those disclosed below that aresuitable for the rubber compositions disclosed herein such as, forexample, additional fillers, antidegradants, plasticizers, processingaids and so forth. In other embodiments, the masterbatch only includesthe rubber matrix and the solid agglomerated material.

To provide the improved physical characteristics of the rubbercompositions disclosed herein, it has been found that when the Mooneyviscosity ML(1+4)100 of the masterbatch is not raised to at least 85 MUwhile the solid agglomerated material is mixing into the masterbatch,sufficient mixing of the solid agglomerated material is not achieved andthe disaggregated carbon nanotubes fail to be sufficiently distributedand dispersed throughout the masterbatch medium to provide the desiredproperties of such cured rubber compositions.

Therefore particular embodiments of the rubber compositions provide thatthe diene elastomer, the solid agglomerated material and optionallyadditional components be mixed into a masterbatch having a requiredminimum Mooney viscosity that is at least 85 MU or alternatively atleast 90 MU, at least 95 MU, at least 100 MU, at least 105 MU, or atleast 110 MU. The upper viscosity limit may be determined as the limitof the horsepower available for the internal mixer since the greateramount of the solid agglomerated material that is added, the higher theviscosity will be and the greater the horsepower required by theinternal mixer to process the mixture. Optionally, after mixing at thisviscosity to fully incorporate and disperse the solid agglomeratedmaterial, additional components may be added to the masterbatch even ifsuch additional components lower the viscosity of the masterbatch belowthe required minimum Mooney viscosity.

To differentiate this characteristic, the masterbatch is the finishedproduct that may or may not have the required minimum Mooney viscosityin its final form but the base masterbatch is that portion of themasterbatch that was mixed with the solid agglomerated material at therequired minimum Mooney viscosity. In particular embodiments, themasterbatch only includes the diene elastomer and the solid agglomeratedmaterial and is, therefore, the base masterbatch. Therefore the basemasterbatch includes the diene elastomer and the solid agglomeratedmaterial and optionally any other additional components that do notdecrease the Mooney viscosity below the required minimum or that raisethe Mooney viscosity to the required minimum Mooney viscosity.

In particular embodiments, the rubber composition resulting fromachieving good distribution and dispersion of the material may bedescribed as having an object count of objects greater than 1 micron ofless than 400 or alternatively, less than 300, less than 250 or lessthan 200 in accordance with the counting method provided in Example 2.

The amount of the solid agglomerated nanotube material that is added tothe masterbatch may, for example, be between 15 phr and 100 phr oralternatively between 15 phr and 75 phr, between 15 phr and 60 phr,between 20 phr and 50 phr or between 15 phr and 30 phr. While these maybe typical amounts that may be added to the masterbatch, the minimumrequired viscosity of the masterbatch—or the base masterbatch asdiscussed above—must still be met and greater amounts may be added solong as the internal mixer is capable of mixing such amounts.

As long as the Mooney viscosity of the base masterbatch is at least theminimum viscosity, the solid agglomerated material will be welldispersed. This minimum viscosity may be achieved in particularembodiments by adding sufficient solid agglomerated material to raisethe viscosity to at least the minimal level. In other embodiments, thediene rubber components themselves may have sufficient viscosity tosatisfy the minimum requirement or additional components may be added toraise the viscosity, such additional components being, for example,carbon black or silica.

In addition to the solid agglomerated material having the continuousnetwork of disaggregated carbon nanotubes and the diene rubbercomponent, which are incorporated into a masterbatch, particularembodiments of such rubber compositions may further optionally includean amount of a secondary reinforcement filler.

Reinforcing fillers useful as the secondary reinforcement filler arewell known in the art and include, for example, carbon blacks and silicathough any additional reinforcing filler known to those skilled in theart may also be useful. In particular embodiments of the rubbercomposition, the secondary filler may be selected from carbon black,silica or combinations thereof. Other embodiments may be limited to justcarbon black or limited to just silica as the secondary reinforcementfiller.

Carbon black, which is an organic filler, is well known to those havingordinary skill in the rubber compounding field. Suitable carbon blacksare any carbon blacks known in the art and suitable for the givenpurpose. Suitable carbon blacks of the type HAF, ISAF and SAF, forexample, are conventionally used in tire treads. Non-limitative examplesof carbon blacks include, for example, the N115, N134, N234, N299, N326,N330, N339, N343, N347, N375 and the 600 series of carbon blacks,including, but not limited to N630, N650 and N660 carbon blacks. The 700series of carbon blacks include, for example, N754, N772 and N787 whilethe 900 series of carbon blacks include, for example, N990 and N991.

As noted above, silica may also be useful as reinforcement filler. Thesilica may be any reinforcing silica known to one having ordinary skillin the art including, for example, any precipitated or pyrogenic silicahaving a BET surface area and a specific CTAB surface area both of whichare less than 450 m²/g or alternatively, between 30 and 400 m²/g may besuitable for particular embodiments based on the desired properties ofthe cured rubber composition. Particular embodiments of rubbercompositions disclosed herein may include a silica having a CTAB ofbetween 80 and 200 m²/g, between 100 and 190 m²/g, between 120 and 190m²/g or between 140 and 180 m²/g. The CTAB specific surface area is theexternal surface area determined in accordance with StandardAFNOR-NFT-45007 of November 1987.

Highly dispersible precipitated silicas (referred to as “HDS”) may beuseful in particular embodiments of such rubber compositions disclosedherein, wherein “highly dispersible silica” is understood to mean anysilica having a substantial ability to disagglomerate and to disperse inan elastomeric matrix. Such determinations may be observed in knownmanner by electron or optical microscopy on thin sections. Examples ofknown highly dispersible silicas include, for example, Perkasil KS 430from Akzo, the silica BV3380 from Degussa, the silicas Zeosil 1165 MPand 1115 MP from Rhodia, the silica Hi-Sil 2000 from PPG and the silicasZeopol 8741 or 8745 from Huber.

When silica is added to the rubber composition, a proportional amount ofa silane coupling agent is also added to the rubber composition. Thesilane coupling agent is a sulfur-containing organosilicon compound thatreacts with the silanol groups of the silica during mixing and with theelastomers during vulcanization to provide improved properties of thecured rubber composition. A suitable coupling agent is one that iscapable of establishing a sufficient chemical and/or physical bondbetween the inorganic filler and the diene elastomer; which is at leastbifunctional, having, for example, the simplified general formula“Y-T-X”, in which: Y represents a functional group (“Y” function) whichis capable of bonding physically and/or chemically with the inorganicfiller, such a bond being able to be established, for example, between asilicon atom of the coupling agent and the surface hydroxyl (OH) groupsof the inorganic filler (for example, surface silanols in the case ofsilica); X represents a functional group (“X” function) which is capableof bonding physically and/or chemically with the diene elastomer, forexample by means of a sulfur atom; T represents a divalent organic groupmaking it possible to link Y and X.

Any of the organosilicon compounds that contain sulfur and are known toone having ordinary skill in the art are useful for practicingembodiments of the present invention. Examples of suitable silanecoupling agents having two atoms of silicon in the silane moleculeinclude 3,3′-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide and3,3′-bis(triethoxy-silylpropyl) tetrasulfide (known as Si69). Both ofthese are available commercially from Degussa as X75-S and X50-Srespectively, though not in pure form. Degussa reports the molecularweight of the X50-S to be 532 g/mole and the X75-S to be 486 g/mole.Both of these commercially available products include the activecomponent mixed 50-50 by weight with a N330 carbon black. Other examplesof suitable silane coupling agents having two atoms of silicon in thesilane molecule include 2,2′-bis(triethoxysilylethyl) tetrasulfide,3,3′-bis(tri-t-butoxy-silylpropyl) disulfide and 3,3′-bis(dit-butylmethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide. Examples of silane couplingagents having just one silicon atom in the silane molecule include, forexample, 3,3′(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide and 3,3′(triethoxy-silylpropyl) tetrasulfide. The amount of silane couplingagent can vary over a suitable range as known to one having ordinaryskill in the art. Typically the amount added is between 7 wt. % and 15wt. % or alternatively between 8 wt. % and 12 wt. % or between 9 wt. %and 11 wt. % of the total weight of silica added to the rubbercomposition.

The disclosed rubber compositions may include an amount of secondaryfiller as deemed necessary for those skilled in the art to acquire thedesired properties of the final cured product. The amounts added to therubber compositions are not particularly limited since the amounts willbe determined in known way by those skilled in the art to provide thedesired properties. Examples of suitable amounts may include none or forreinforcement, between 0 phr and 150 phr, between 0 phr and 100 phr,between 3 phr and 120 phr, between 3 phr and 30 phr, between 3 phr and80 phr, between 3 phr and 20 phr, between 3 phr and 15 phr or no morethan 10 phr of the secondary reinforcement filler. As is well-known,carbon black may be added in small amounts, e.g., between 3 phr and 8phr or between 3 phr and 5 phr, to make the article black, such as for atire component.

In addition to the agglomerated sold material, the diene elastomer andthe optional reinforcing filler, particular embodiments of the rubbercompositions include a curing system such as, for example, a peroxidecuring system or a sulfur curing system. Particular embodiments arecured with a sulfur curing system that includes free sulfur and mayfurther include, for example, one or more of accelerators and one ormore activators such as stearic acid and zinc oxide. Suitable freesulfur includes, for example, pulverized sulfur, rubber maker's sulfur,commercial sulfur, and insoluble sulfur. The amount of free sulfurincluded in the rubber composition is not limited and may range, forexample, between 0.5 phr and 10 phr or alternatively between 0.5 phr and5 phr or between 0.5 phr and 3 phr. Particular embodiments may includeno free sulfur added in the curing system but instead include sulfurdonors.

Accelerators are used to control the time and/or temperature requiredfor vulcanization and to improve the properties of the cured rubbercomposition. Particular embodiments of the present invention include oneor more accelerators. One example of a suitable primary acceleratoruseful in the present invention is a sulfenamide. Examples of suitablesulfenamide accelerators include n-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (CBS), N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (TBBS),N-Oxydiethyl-2-benzthiazolsulfenamid (MBS) andN′-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (DCBS). Combinations ofaccelerators are often useful to improve the properties of the curedrubber composition and the particular embodiments include the additionof secondary accelerators.

Particular embodiments may include as a secondary accelerant the use ofa moderately fast accelerator such as, for example, diphenylguanidine(DPG), triphenyl guanidine (TPG), diorthotolyl guanidine (DOTG),o-tolylbigaunide (OTBG) or hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA). Suchaccelerators may be added in an amount of up to 4 phr, between 0.5 and 3phr, between 0.5 and 2.5 phr or between 1 and 2 phr. Particularembodiments may exclude the use of fast accelerators and/or ultra-fastaccelerators such as, for example, the fast accelerators: disulfides andbenzothiazoles; and the ultra-accelerators: thiurams, xanthates,dithiocarbamates and dithiophosphates.

The amount of sulfur and accelerator included in the particularembodiments of the rubber compositions disclosed herein may be between 1phr and 2 phr of sulfur or alternatively between 1 phr and 1.5 phr andenough accelerator to provide a semi-efficient curing system that has anaccelerator to sulfur ratio by weight of between 0.4 and 0.6 oralternatively between 0.45 and 0.55.

Other additives can be added to the rubber compositions disclosed hereinas known in the art. Such additives may include, for example, some orall of the following: antidegradants, antioxidants, fatty acids, waxes,stearic acid and zinc oxide. Examples of antidegradants and antioxidantsinclude 6PPD, 77PD, IPPD and TMQ and may be added to rubber compositionsin an amount, for example, of from 0.5 phr and 5 phr. Zinc oxide and/orstearic acid, that are known to be sulfur curing activators, may each beadded in an amount, for example, of between 0.5 phr and 6 phr oralternatively, of between 0.5 phr and 4 phr. Waxes may be added in anamount, for example, of between 1 phr and 5 phr.

The rubber compositions disclosed herein may be produced using internalmixers, such as a Banbury mixer, to fully disperse and distribute thecomponents of the rubber composition. Typically processes for preparingthe rubber compositions use at least two preparation phases, a firstphase of thermo-mechanical working (sometimes referred to as“non-productive” phase) at a high temperature, followed by a secondphase of mechanical working (sometimes referred to as “non-productive”phase) at a lower temperature. In the rubber compositions disclosedherein, a masterbatch is first produced that includes the solidagglomerated material and the rubber matrix and this masterbatch thenbecomes a component of the rubber composition.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a particular embodiment of a method forproducing a cross-linkable rubber composition that is useful forproducing embodiments of the rubber compositions disclosed herein.

Particular embodiments of methods for producing the cross-linkablerubber compositions having a masterbatch that includes a basemasterbatch are disclosed herein in accordance with the rubbercompositions disclosed above. Such methods may include forming the basemasterbatch by adding a diene rubber within a mixing chamber of aninternal mixer; optionally mixing the diene elastomer until it reaches apredetermined temperature of, for example, between 90° C. and 100° C.;adding a total quantity of a solid agglomerated material into the mixingchamber; and mixing the diene elastomer and the solid agglomeratedmaterial in the mixing chamber. The solid agglomerated material that isuseful in the methods disclosed herein is fully described above.

It is noted that the base masterbatch must reach a minimum Mooneyviscosity ML(1=4)100 of at least 85 MU during mixing to ensure properdispersion and distribution of the solid agglomerated material duringthe mixing of these materials. Alternatively the base masterbatch mayhave a minimum Mooney viscosity of at least 90 MU, at least 95 MU, atleast 100 MU, at least 105 MU, or at least 110 MU.

Embodiments of such methods further include continuing to mix the basemasterbatch until it has reached a first predetermined temperature. Asis known, the mixture in the internal mixer is heated as a result of thework performed on the mixture by the mixer's rotors. Typically themixture is mixed until a predetermined temperature is reached. Inparticular embodiments, the first predetermined temperature may be, forexample, between 120° C. and 190° C. or alternatively between 130° C.and 170° C., between 120° C. and 165° C. or alternatively between 130°C. and 150° C.

In particular embodiments, the method may include mixing the basemasterbatch for a time period that results in the rubber compositionhaving an object count of objects greater than 1 micron of less than 400or alternatively, less than 300, less than 250 or less than 200 inaccordance with the counting method provided in Example 2.

It should be noted that the solid agglomerated material may be added tothe mixing chamber in portions so that each added amount can be mixedinto the masterbatch. In particular embodiments, the total quantity ofthe solid agglomerated material may be added to the mixing chamber allat once. Whether it may all be added all at once or in batches may besubject to the considerations of size and/or power limitations of theinternal mixer being used.

Such methods may therefore optionally include adding a portion of thetotal quantity of the solid agglomerated material into the mixingchamber and mixing with the diene rubber; and repeating the step ofadding a portion of the total quantity of the solid agglomeratedmaterial into the mixing chamber and mixing with the diene rubber untilthe total quantity of the solid agglomerated material has been added.

It should be noted that if the solid agglomerated material is added inmultiple portions, the total quantity of the solid agglomerated materialshould be added within the first 50% of a total mixing time period oralternatively within the first 40% or first 30%, wherein the totalmixing time period being between the step of adding a portion of thetotal quantity of the solid agglomerated material into the mixingchamber and continuing to mix the base masterbatch until it has reacheda first predetermined temperature. If the additions exceed that 50% timeframe, then adequate distribution and incorporation of the solidagglomerated material throughout the matrix may not be adequate. Aswould be obvious as an extreme example, if 50% of the solid agglomeratedmaterial was added with just one second of mixing time remaining, thematerial would not be adequately distributed and incorporated in thatone remaining second of mixing.

In particular embodiments of the methods disclosed herein it may bepreferable to include mixing the diene elastomer until it reaches apredetermined temperature before any of the solid agglomerated materialis added to the mixing chamber. This may be advantageous in theoperation of the internal mixer. In such embodiments, such predeterminedtemperature may be, for example, between 90° C. and 100° C.

The viscosity of the masterbatch will increase as the quantity of thesolid agglomerated material in the masterbatch is increased. To obtainthe desired physical properties in the cured rubber composition, thematerial must be mixed at a viscosity of at least 85 MU oralternatively, at least 90 MU, at least 95 MU, at least 100 MU, at least105 MU or at least 110 MU. The upper viscosity limit may be determinedas the limit of the horsepower available for the internal mixer sincethe greater amount of the solid agglomerated material that is added, thehigher the viscosity will be and the greater the horsepower required bythe internal mixer to process the mixture.

The amount of the solid agglomerated material that is added to themasterbatch may, for example, be between 15 phr and 100 phr oralternatively between 15 phr and 75 phr, between 15 phr and 60 phr,between 20 phr and 50 phr or between 15 phr and 30 phr. While these maybe typical amounts that may be added to the masterbatch, the minimumrequired viscosity of the masterbatch—or the base masterbatch asdiscussed above—must still be met and greater amounts may be added solong as the internal mixer is capable of mixing such amounts. The totalamount of the solid agglomerated material added to the masterbatch isnot particularly limited as long as the minimum required viscosity ismet and the viscosity does not exceed the mixing ability of the internalmixer. In those embodiments that do not include enough of the solidagglomerated material to raise the viscosity of the base masterbatch tothe minimum viscosity, then such methods may further include addingadditional materials to raise the base masterbatch viscosity to theminimum Mooney viscosity.

In particular embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, themasterbatch may include only the diene elastomer and the solidagglomerated nanotube material of the base masterbatch. In theseembodiments, no other materials are added to the masterbatch other thanthe total quantity of the solid agglomerated material and the dienerubber.

In particular embodiments, the masterbatch may include additionalcomponents. Particular embodiments of such methods may includeoptionally adding one or more additional components of the basemasterbatch to the mixing chamber and mixing it with the diene rubberand the solid agglomerated material, wherein the base masterbatchminimum Mooney viscosity is maintained and wherein the one or moreadditional components are selected from predetermined components of anon-productive phase of the cross-linkable rubber composition. Suchadditional components may include those disclosed above that aresuitable for the rubber compositions disclosed herein such as, forexample, additional fillers, antidegradants, plasticizers, processingaids and so forth.

In yet other embodiments, after the base masterbatch has been mixed withor without additional components of the rubber composition and after thestep of continuing to mix the base masterbatch until it has reached afirst predetermined temperature, such methods may further includeoptionally adding one or more additional component of the masterbatch tothe mixing chamber and mixing it with the base masterbatch, whereinmaintaining the minimum Mooney viscosity is not required and wherein theone or more additional components are selected from predeterminedcomponents of a non-productive phase of the cross-linkable rubbercomposition. This is possible since the minimum required viscosity isonly required to ensure adequate incorporation and dispersion of thedisaggregated carbon nanotubes throughout the masterbatch matrix. Afterthat has been achieved, then the addition of other components that maylower the viscosity is acceptable.

In particular embodiments, of the methods disclosed herein, the methodmay further include dropping the masterbatch from the internal mixer andcooling the masterbatch. The cooled masterbatch may then be stored untilneeded as a component of the rubber compositions disclosed herein.Alternatively the cooled masterbatch may be immediately used by addingat least a portion of it back into an internal mixer mixing chamberalong with other components of the rubber compositions disclosed herein.The portion that is added provides a predetermined amount of the solidagglomerated material required in the cross-linkable rubber composition.

In yet other embodiments, the masterbatch need not be dropped from theinternal mixer at all but the additional components of the rubbercompositions disclosed herein may be added directly to the internalmixer and produced without the need for first dropping the masterbatchfrom the internal mixer.

In other words, what is evident to those skilled in the art, mixing thesolid agglomerated nanotube material with the matrix at the minimumrequired viscosity achieves the purpose of the masterbatch and therubber compositions disclosed herein may be produced by using themasterbatch after it has been dropped from the internal mixer and eitherstored or not stored or alternatively, not dropping the masterbatch atall from the internal mixer and immediately adding to the mixer theother components required in the such rubber compositions.

Particular embodiments of the methods disclosed herein may thereforefurther include, after the step of continuing to mix the basemasterbatch until it has reached a first predetermined temperature orafter the step of adding the masterbatch into the internal mixer, addingadditional predetermined components of a non-productive phase of thecross-linkable rubber composition into the mixing chamber; mixing theadditional predetermined components with the masterbatch until it hasreached a second predetermined temperature; dropping the non-productivephase of the cross-linkable rubber composition; and cooling thenon-productive phase; and then mixing a curing agent into thenon-productive phase to form the cross-linkable rubber composition; andcooling the cross-linkable rubber composition.

The rubber compositions that are produced by these methods are usefulfor forming articles made therefrom. Such methods may further includeforming a tire component from the cross-linkable rubber compositions.Such tire components as known to those skilled in the art include, forexample, tire treads, undertreads, tire sidewalls, tire inner liners,rubber coatings for tire belts and tire cords and so forth.

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, whichare to be regarded only as illustrations and not delimitative of theinvention in any way. The properties of the compositions disclosed inthe examples were evaluated as described below and these utilizedmethods are suitable for measurement of the claimed properties of theclaimed invention.

The maximum tan delta and complex shear modulus dynamic properties forthe rubber compositions were measured at 23° C. on a Metravib ModelVA400 ViscoAnalyzer Test System in accordance with ASTM D5992-96. Theresponse of a sample of vulcanized material (double shear geometry witheach of the two 10 mm diameter cylindrical samples being 2 mm thick) wasrecorded as it was being subjected to an alternating single sinusoidalshearing stress at a frequency of 10 Hz under a controlled temperatureof 23° C. Scanning was effected at an amplitude of deformation of 0.05to 50% (outward cycle) and then of 50% to 0.05% (return cycle) or 0.1%to 100% back to 0.1% peak-to-peak. The maximum value of the tangent ofthe loss angle tan delta (max tan 6) was determined during the returncycle. The complex shear modulus G* was determined at 10%, 1% and 100%peak-to-peak strain during the return cycle.

Dynamic properties (G*60° C. and Tg) for the rubber compositions weremeasured on a Metravib Model VA400 ViscoAnalyzer Test System inaccordance with ASTM D5992-96. The response of a sample of vulcanizedmaterial (double shear geometry with each of the two 10 mm diametercylindrical samples being 2 mm thick) was recorded as it was beingsubjected to an alternating single sinusoidal shearing stress of aconstant 0.7 MPa and at a frequency of 10 Hz over a temperature sweepfrom −80° C. to 100° C. with the temperature increasing at a rate of1.5° C./min. The shear modulus G* was captured at 60° C. and thetemperature at which the max tan delta occurred was recorded as theglass transition temperature, Tg.

Modulus of elongation (MPa) was measured at 10% (MA10) and at 300%(MA300) at a temperature of 23° C. based on ASTM Standard D412 on dumbbell test pieces. The measurements were taken in the second elongation;i.e., after an accommodation cycle. These measurements are secant moduliin MPa, based on the original cross section of the test piece.

The elongation property was measured as elongation at break (%) and thecorresponding elongation stress (MPa), which is measured at 23° C. inaccordance with ASTM Standard D412 on ASTM C test pieces.

The Mooney viscosity ML(1+4) at 100° C. was measured in accordance withStandard ASTM D 1646 of 1999.

Tire wear was measured by running the tires on a predetermined circuitover a varying public road surfaces in the Greenville S.C. area. Thetread depth was measured at the start and was measured again after thesame number of miles for the tires being compared, typically between5000 miles and 8000 miles. The difference between the tread depths wasthe measurement of the wear.

Example 1

Rubber compositions were prepared using the components shown in Table 1.The amount of each component making up the rubber compositions shown inTable 1 are provided in parts per hundred per hundred parts of rubber byweight (phr). The SBR was 27% styrene with an Mn of 118,700 g/mol andthe butadiene portion having 24% vinyl, 46% trans and 30% cis bonds.

TABLE 1 Formulations Components W1 W2 MB F1 SBR 100 100 100 AggregatedCNT 27 Disaggregated CNT 27 27 Masterbatch MB 127 Resin 36 36 36 Oil 2 22 Wax 1.5 1.5 1.5 6ppd 2 2 2 Stearic Acid 2 2 2 Zinc Oxide 2.75 2.752.75 CBS 2.1 2.1 2.1 Sulfur 2.36 2.36 2.36

The accelerator was CBS and the protection system was 6PPD. The resinwas Oppera PR 383N from ExxonMobil, a C5-C9 resin having a Tg of between49° C. and 57° C. The aggregated CNT was GRAPHISTRENGTH C100 obtainedfrom Arkema and was a multi-walled carbon nanotube having a length ofabout 1000-10,000 nm, a diameter of about 12-15 nm with about 8%impurities. The disaggregated CNT was obtained from Arkema that wasformed from the C100 material to form the solid agglomerated materialcomprising the disaggregated carbon nanotubes. An example of thismaterial is shown in FIG. 2.

To prepare the masterbatch, the elastomer was added to an internal mixerwith a jacket temperature of 100° C. and a rotor speed of 70 RPM. Theelastomer was mixed for 30 seconds and then half of the disaggregatedCNT was added and further mixed for one minute. The other half of thedisaggregated CNT was added and further mixed for 2.5 minutes. Themasterbatch was dropped and cooled.

The witness formulations and the inventive formulation F1 were preparedby adding the masterbatch (F1) or the elastomer (W1, W2) to the Banburymixer. For the witness formulations, the elastomer was mixed for 30seconds and then half of the CNT was added and further mixed for 30seconds. Then the second half of the CNT was added along with the othercomponents, except for the sulfur and accelerator, and mixed for 4minutes.

For the inventive formulation F1, the masterbatch was mixed for 2minutes, then the other components, except for the sulfur andaccelerator, were added and mixed for 4 minutes. In all cases, themixture was dropped after the temperature reached between 125° C. and145° C. was reached. The accelerators and sulfur were added in thesecond phase on a mill. Vulcanization was effected at 150° C. for 25minutes. The formulations were then tested to measure their properties,the results of which are shown in Table 2. For the tire testing, tireswere produced using the rubber formulations for the treads.

TABLE 2 Physical Properties and Wear Performance W1 W2 F1 PhysicalProperties MA10, 23° C., MPa 7.3 5.9 6.0 MA300/100, 23° C. 1.75 2.052.31 Max tan delta, 23° C. 0.42 0.39 0.4 G*10% @ 23° C., MPa 2.5 2.4 2.4G*60° C., MPa 0.9 0.9 0.9 Stress at Break @ 23° C., MPa 13.1 13.9 15.4Strain at Break @ 23° C., % 300 370 390 Tg, ° C. −14.7 −14.3 −13.7 WearPerformance Tread Loss (mm/10K miles) 1.56 1.36 1.24 Wear Performance(normalized) 100 115 126

The differences in the physical properties between W2 and F1 were slightimprovements in stress/elongation at beak with a notable improvement inMA300/100 for the F1 mix. However, the most surprising result was theimprovement in wear, which was not indicative from the more modestimprovements seen in the physical properties of the formulations.

Example 2

This example demonstrates the importance of obtaining a Mooney viscosityof at least 90 MU during the preparation of the masterbatch.Masterbatches were prepared using the components shown in Table 3. Themasterbatches were prepared using the same procedure as described inExample 1. The masterbatch MB1 is the same as the masterbatch fromExample 1.

TABLE 3 Masterbatch Formulations and Mooney Components MB1 MB2 MB3 MB4MB5 MB6 SBR 100 100 100 100 100 100 Disaggregated CNT 27 27 27 27 27 27Resin 5 12 18 36 HTO 2 2 2 2 2 Mooney Viscosity 110 97 91 80 71 50

The masterbatch was then used to prepare rubber compositions with theadditional components as shown in Table 4. W2 and F1 are the same as therubber formulations shown in Example 1.

TABLE 4 Formulations and Dispersion W2 F1 F2 F3 C1 C2 C3 Components SBR100 100 100 MB Number MB1 MB2 MB3 MB4 MB5 MB6 SBR + Disaggregated CNT127 127 127 127 127 127 Disaggregated CNT 27 Resin 36 36 36 36 36 36 36Oil 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Wax 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 6ppd 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Stearic Acid 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Zinc Oxide 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75CBS 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 Sulfur 2.36 2.36 2.36 2.36 2.36 2.362.36 Dispersion Count of Objects > 739 198 165 231 606 556 475 1 micron

The formulations were prepared in the same way as those in Example 1were prepared. The additional components that were added included anamount of resin and oil that was necessary to increase the totalcomponent amount above that in the individual masterbatch.

Then, the following steps were followed to quantitatively compare thenumber of undispersed aggregates (objects greater than 1 micron) in themixes. A fresh razor cut surface was prepared of the sample. Using ascanning electron microscope, two 500× images were acquired at anaccelerating voltage of 10 kV with a secondary electron detector. Thefield of view for each image was 250 microns by 180 microns. The imagewas processed as follows: 1. Smoothed to reduce noise; 2. Flattened byusing a 50 pixel sliding parabaloid to subtract background; 3.Thresholded to create a binary image contrasting aggregates from therubber composition. Objects were then counted using the criteria of areagreater than 1 micron, circularity greater than 0.2 to reduce the numberof artifacts. The higher the count of such objects indicates lesseffective dispersion of the solid aggregate material throughout therubber composition.

The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” as used in the claimsand specification herein, shall be considered as indicating an opengroup that may include other elements not specified. The term“consisting essentially of,” as used in the claims and specificationherein, shall be considered as indicating a partially open group thatmay include other elements not specified, so long as those otherelements do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics ofthe claimed invention. The terms “a,” “an,” and the singular forms ofwords shall be taken to include the plural form of the same words, suchthat the terms mean that one or more of something is provided. The terms“at least one” and “one or more” are used interchangeably. The term“one” or “single” shall be used to indicate that one and only one ofsomething is intended. Similarly, other specific integer values, such as“two,” are used when a specific number of things is intended. The terms“preferably,” “preferred,” “prefer,” “optionally,” “may,” and similarterms are used to indicate that an item, condition or step beingreferred to is an optional (not required) feature of the invention.Ranges that are described as being “between a and b” are inclusive ofthe values for “a” and “b.”

It should be understood from the foregoing description that variousmodifications and changes may be made to the embodiments of the presentinvention without departing from its true spirit. The foregoingdescription is provided for the purpose of illustration only and shouldnot be construed in a limiting sense. Only the language of the followingclaims should limit the scope of this invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A rubber composition based upon a cross-linkablerubber composition, the cross-linkable rubber composition comprising, inparts per 100 parts by weight of rubber: a masterbatch comprising a basemasterbatch, the base masterbatch comprising a diene rubber and a solidagglomerated material comprising disaggregated carbon nanotubesconsisting of a continuous network of carbon nanotubes, the continuousnetwork comprising 1) voids and 2) aggregates of carbon nanotubes havinga d₅₀ mean size of less than 5 μm, the voids and the aggregates togetherbeing in an amount that is less than 60% of a predetermined surfacearea, such percentage as determined by electron microscopy imageanalysis, the remainder being the disaggregated carbon nanotubes in thecontinuous network that do not comprise a clearly defined shape andbeing in an amount that is at least 40% of the predetermined surfacearea, wherein the base masterbatch has a minimum Mooney viscosityML(1+4)100 of at least 85 MU; and a cure system.
 2. The rubbercomposition of claim 1, wherein the masterbatch has the minimum Mooneyviscosity.
 3. The rubber composition of claim 2, wherein the basemasterbatch comprises a quantity of the solid agglomerated material toprovide the base masterbatch with the minimum Mooney viscosity.
 4. Therubber composition of claim 1, wherein the masterbatch comprises between15 phr and 100 phr of the solid agglomerated material.
 5. The rubbercomposition of claim 1, wherein the minimum Mooney viscosity is 95 MU.6. The rubber composition of claim 1, wherein the cross-linkable rubbercomposition comprises between 1 phr and 75 phr of the solid agglomeratedmaterial.
 7. The rubber composition of claim 1, wherein the diene rubberof the base masterbatch is a highly unsaturated rubber componentselected from natural rubber, a synthetic rubber or combinationsthereof.
 8. The rubber composition of claim 1 the cross-linkable rubbercomposition further comprises a second diene rubber, wherein the seconddiene rubber is selected from a styrene-butadiene rubber, apolybutadiene rubber, a synthetic polyisoprene rubber, a natural rubberor combinations thereof.
 9. The rubber composition of claim 1, whereinthe masterbatch diene rubber is selected from a styrene-butadienerubber, a polybutadiene rubber, a synthetic polyisoprene rubber, anatural rubber or combinations thereof.
 10. The rubber composition ofclaim 1, wherein the amount of the voids and the aggregates is less than10% and the remainder is at least 90%.
 11. The rubber composition ofclaim 1, wherein the solid agglomerated material is devoid of organiccompounds, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis.
 12. The rubbercomposition of claim 1, wherein the solid agglomerated material is of aform that is spheres, cylinders, flakes, granules, bricks orcombinations thereof wherein a smallest diameter of the form is greaterthan 1 mm.
 13. The rubber composition of claim 1, wherein thedisaggregated carbon nanotubes of the continuous network aremulti-walled.
 14. The rubber composition of claim 1, wherein thedisaggregated carbon nanotubes of the continuous network are oxidized.15. A tire comprising a tire component manufactured from the rubbercomposition of any of the preceding claims.
 16. The tire of claim 15,wherein the tire component is a tire tread.